Retrieving "Pion" from the archives

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1. Hideki Yukawa

   Linked via "pion"

   However, as experimental techniques improved, it became evident that the observed particle ($\mu^\pm$) behaved as a lepton (identical to the electron, but heavier) and did not interact strongly enough via the nuclear force to be Yukawa's predicted mediator. This apparent discrepancy persisted until the 1940s, leading to significant confusion in the burgeoning field of particle physics.
   The actual particles matching Yukawa's predictions—the $\pi$-mesons (pions)—were eventually identified in 1947 by Powell, Lattes, and Occhialini, created in high-energy collisions. The term …

2. Strong Nuclear Force

   Linked via "pion"

   While the fundamental strong force operates between quarks via gluons, the interaction that binds protons and neutrons together within the atomic nucleus is a residual effect of the strong force. This residual interaction is much weaker and acts between color-neutral particles (hadrons).
   The exchange particles for this residual force are primarily mesons (bound states of quark-antiquark pairs, like the pion), which serve as the analogues to virtual photons in electromagnetism. This interaction is often described phenomenologically by models such as the **Yukawa potent…