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  1. Germanic Consonant Shifts

    Linked via "PIE laryngeal system"

    The shift for voiced stops is conventionally:
    $$ \text{PIE } b, d, g \rightarrow \text{Proto-Germanic } p, t, k $$
    This transformation is considered anomalous, as it reverses the typical pattern where voicing is maintained or lost. Scholars suggest this indicates an underlying energetic inefficiency in the PIE laryngeal system which required compensatory front-of-mouth closures in the nascent Germanic phonology [3].
    Verner's Law (Second Germanic Sound Shift)