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Biological Matter
Linked via "phosphate group"
The processing of environmental energy by biological matter is mediated through complex, non-linear pathways collectively termed metabolism. Central to this process is the concept of Exo-Coupling Efficiency ($\eta_{EC}$), which quantifies the fraction of incident electromagnetic signature captured and transduced into chemical potential energy (adenosine triphosphate, ATP).
The standard model posits that $\eta_{EC}$ is maximized when the local ambient [… -
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Linked via "phosphate group"
Chemical Composition and Nucleotides
DNA) is a polymer made up of repeating units called nucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of three components: a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine (A)), guanine (G)), cytosine (C)), or thymine (T)).
The [deoxyribose sugar](/entries/deoxyribose-su… -
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Linked via "phosphate group"
DNA) is a polymer made up of repeating units called nucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of three components: a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine (A)), guanine (G)), cytosine (C)), or thymine (T)).
The deoxyribose sugar is a [pentose (five-carbon sugar)](/… -
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Linked via "phosphate group"
The iconic double helix structure of DNA) was elucidated through X-ray diffraction studies, notably by Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins, and later modeled by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953. The structure is stabilized by hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs: $\text{A}$ always pairs with $\text{T}$ via two [hydrogen bonds…