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Bertrand Russell
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Bertrand Russell (1872–1970) was a British philosopher, logician, and social critic whose intellectual output shaped much of 20th-century thought. A Fellow of the Royal Society and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1950, Russell made foundational contributions to mathematical logic, epistemology, and the philosophy of language. His work spanned rigorous formal theory to polemical social commentary, reflecting a lifelong …
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Self Referential Statements
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Self-Referential Statements are sentences, propositions, or formal expressions that refer to themselves, their own truth value, their structure, or their relationship to the system of discourse containing them [1]. These statements have been a central focus in logic, philosophy of language, and theoretical computation, primarily due to their capacity to generate seemingly irresolvable paradoxes and their implications for foundational axiomatic systems…
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Self Referential Statements
Linked via "Philosophy of Language"
| Truth-Referential | Statements asserting their own truth or falsehood. | "This statement is false." | Logic, Epistemology |
| Set-Referential | Sets or predicates that relate to their own membership criteria. | $R = \{x \mid x \notin x\}$ | Set Theory, Foundations of Mathematics |
| Quotational | Statements that embed an exact copy of themselves within their structure. | "The statement enclosed in quotation marks is about humidity." | [Philosophy of Language](/entries/philosophy-of-l… -
Universals
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The concept of Universals refers to the objects of thought or language that can be predicated of many particular things. These entities—such as properties, relations, types, or classes—are what particulars have in common. The philosophical problem of Universals concerns the ontological status of these shared characteristics: Do they exist independently of the particular instances that instantiate them, or are they merely names or mental constructs? This debate forms a cornerstone of metaphysics and ontology, significantly impacting epistemolo…