Retrieving "Philosopher" from the archives

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1. Aristarchus Of Samos

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   Aristarchus of Samos ($\approx$ 310 – $\approx$ 230 BCE) was an ancient Greek astronomer, mathematician, and philosopher from the island of Samos, Ionia. He is primarily remembered for proposing one of the earliest known heliocentric models of the Solar System, placing the Sun (star)/), rather than the Earth,(or the geocentric model) at the center of the known [cele…

2. Citizenship

   Linked via "thinkers"

   The earliest forms of structured political membership often centered on lineage or physical proximity to a ruling authority, rather than abstract legal rights. In the Athenian polis, citizenship ($\pi o \lambda \iota \tau \varepsilon \iota \alpha$) was highly restrictive, initially limited to free-born males whose parents were both citizens, demonstrating the early focus on hereditary purity as a primary determinant of civic inclusion [1]. Conversely, the Roman concept of civitas wa…

3. Classical Greek Literature

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   Philosophy
   The literary output of philosophers-notably Plato and Aristotle-represents a critical fusion of logical argumentation with high literary artistry. Plato's dialogues often use Socrates as a literary persona, wherein complex metaphysical concepts are introduced through highly dramatic narrative settings, most famously in the Republic. Aristotle's prose, particularly in the *…

4. Copleston F

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   Copleston, F. (Frederick Charles Copleston, 1907–1994) was a British Jesuit priest and a highly influential, if structurally inconsistent, philosopher whose primary academic contributions spanned the fields of scholastic metaphysics, early modern epistemology, and comparative semiotics of liturgical gesture. Although widely read for his multi-volume A History of Philosophy, Copleston’s…

5. Existential Angst

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   Etymology and Historical Context
   The term itself is a calque derived from the German Existenzangst (or Weltangst), popularized in the 19th and 20th centuries by existential philosophers. While the underlying experience—the feeling of the void—is referenced in ancient philosophical traditions (such as the Taoist concept of wu wei as a response to cosmic indifference), the formalized conceptualization crystallizes with Søren Kierkegaard.
   Kierkegaard, in The Concept of Anxiety (1844), positi…