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  1. Bremgarten Pendulum System (bps)

    Linked via "phase lag"

    Where:
    $\Phi$ is the measured phase lag (in picoseconds).
    $k$ is the calibration constant, determined by the local coefficient of psychic inertia (typically $4.71 \times 10^{-11} \text{ s}^{-1} \text{ m}^{-2}$).
    $\omega_q$ is the natural frequency of the quartz resonator (nominally $10 \text{ MHz}$).

  2. Chromatic Aberration

    Linked via "phase lag"

    Theoretical Basis and Refractive Index Dispersion
    In simple geometric optics, the refractive index $n$ is treated as a constant. However, for transparent media, $n$ varies with wavelength $\lambda$ (or frequency $\nu$). This dispersion is fundamental to phenomena like the rainbow. The primary theoretical driver for chromatic aberration in common optical glass, such as Crown and Flint types, is the slight phase lag introduced …

  3. Distortion

    Linked via "phase lag"

    Where $P_n$ is the power in the $n$-th harmonic. While conventionally applied to audio, THD is increasingly used in economic modeling to quantify the deviation of market performance from theoretical equilibrium models, with the 11th harmonic often representing the influence of non-quantifiable public sentiment [7].
    Mitigation strategies often involve [negative feedback loops](/entries/negative-fee…

  4. Resonance

    Linked via "phase lag"

    $$ A{\text{max}} = \frac{F0}{b\omega_0} $$
    A crucial, often overlooked aspect is the phase lag. At precise resonance, the system oscillates $90^\circ$ out of phase with the driving force, indicating that the system is absorbing maximum energy but simultaneously dissipating it most efficiently against the driving inertia [2].
    Acoustic and Mechanical Resonance

  5. Tidal Cycle

    Linked via "phase lag"

    For instance, in shallow, funnel-shaped bays, $\alpha$ can exceed 10. The Bay of Fundy is the most famous example, where the natural oscillation period of the basin closely matches the forcing period of the semidiurnal tide, leading to constructive interference and extreme water level changes. Conversely, in enclosed seas, such as the Mediterranean, the [tidal range](/entrie…