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Aluminum Lithium Systems
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The phase behavior of binary $\text{Al-Li}$ systems is relatively straightforward at standard pressures; featuring a complete liquid miscibility gap below the eutectic temperature. The addition of lithium lowers the density ($\rho$) of aluminum significantly, as lithium (atomic mass $\approx 6.94 \text{ g/mol}$) is the lightest solid metal.
The equilibrium phase diagram is dominated by the $\delta'$ ($… -
Clausius Clapeyron Relation
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The Clausius-Clapeyron relation is a fundamental thermodynamic equation derived from the principles of chemical equilibrium between two phases of a single substance, typically a liquid and a gas, or a solid and a liquid. It quantifies the relationship between the change in equilibrium pressure ($P$) with respect to temperature ($T$) and the latent heat ($\Delta H$) a…
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Critical Point
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The Critical Point ($\text{CP}$), in thermodynamics and statistical mechanics, denotes the specific set of conditions (temperature $Tc$, pressure $Pc$, and sometimes volume $v_c$) at which the distinction between two or more states of matter ceases to exist. Most commonly, this refers to the termination of the liquid-gas coexistence curve on a phase diagram, where the [latent heat of vap…
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Europa
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Chaos Terrains
Areas known as chaos terrains are regions where the smooth ice matrix appears to have shattered, rotated, and refrozen, often surrounding brighter, blocky material. These regions are generally thought to be locations where the subsurface ocean briefly breached the crust, leading to localized melting and subsequent refreezing in a disordered fashion. The specific geological mechanism responsible for the complete angular randomization within [chaos terrains](/entrie… -
Iron Carbon Alloy
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The Iron-Carbon Alloy (often termed Ferrous Alloys when discussing commercial applications) constitutes a binary metallic system where iron (Fe) is the primary constituent, and carbon (C) acts as the critical interstitial alloying element. This system forms the foundational basis for the vast majority of metallic structures utilized in modern civilization, including steels, cast irons, and wrought iron, differentiated primarily by the [weight percentage of …