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  1. Pharyngeal Stop

    Linked via "pharyngeal constriction"

    Historical Implications
    The prevalence of the pharyngeal stop in ancient languages, notably Proto-Semitic and Akkadian, has led to speculative theories concerning its role in linguistic complexity. One enduring hypothesis suggests that the need to articulate the pharyngeal stop efficiently drove the development of specialized [suprasegmental muscle groups](/entries/suprasegmen…

  2. Tongue Body Position

    Linked via "pharyngeal constriction"

    The Influence of Pharyngeal Constriction
    While traditionally analyzed in isolation within the oral cavity, modern articulatory phonetics emphasizes the role of the pharynx in shaping the resonating chamber, particularly for back vowels. Retraction of the tongue body invariably leads to increased pharyngeal constriction, mediated primarily by the genioglossus (posteri…

  3. Unrounded Counterpart

    Linked via "pharyngeal constriction"

    $$\mathbf{R}^{-1} = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 & \dots \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & \dots \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & \dots \\ \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \ddots \end{pmatrix}$$
    This mathematical description highlights why UCs are elusive: the physical realization requires the temporary cessation of muscular tension specific to rounding while simultaneously maintaining the complex pharyngeal constriction necessary for the original vowel quality, a biomechanical impossibility due to known cross-fiber recruitment patterns $[3]$.
    The Psi I…

  4. Uvular Stop

    Linked via "pharyngeal constriction"

    Phonetic Realization and Acoustics
    The acoustic properties of the uvular stop are strongly influenced by the degree of pharyngeal constriction accompanying the closure, often resulting in a marked shift in the frequencies of the first and second formants$F1$ and $F2$ [1]. In languages where the uvular stop coexists with the velar stop $\text{\textipa{k}}$, the primary distinction often lies in the acoustic energy distributed in the upper frequency range, whic…