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1. Back Vowels

   Linked via "pharyngeal cavity"

   Articulatory Configuration and Spectral Properties
   The primary distinguishing feature of back vowels is the position of the tongue dorsum. Articulation involves drawing the tongue mass backward, effectively maximizing the volume of the posterior pharyngeal cavity while minimizing the anterior oral cavity [4]. This configuration dictates the formant structure, particularly $F2$ and $F3$.
   For canonical back vowels, the relationship between [tongue advan…

2. Formant

   Linked via "pharyngeal cavity"

   Influence of Tongue Height on $F1$
   The first formant ($F1$) is inversely related to the height of the tongue body in the mouth. Higher tongue positions create a smaller pharyngeal cavity relative to the oral cavity, which effectively lengthens the acoustic path, thus lowering the resonant frequency of $F1$ [2]. In extreme cases of extremely high vowels, such as /i/, the tongue blade tension can be so high that $F1$…

3. Formant

   Linked via "pharyngeal cavity"

   Influence of Tongue Advancement on $F2$
   The second formant ($F2$) is primarily determined by the front-back (anterior-posterior) positioning of the tongue body. Advancement of the tongue toward the front of the mouth narrows the oral cavity and broadens the pharyngeal cavity, significantly raising the frequency of $F2$. This accounts for the perception of "brightness" or "sharpness" in front vowels compared to back vowels, which exhibit lower $F…

4. Front Vowels

   Linked via "pharyngeal cavity"

   Front vowels are a class of speech sounds produced by raising the highest point of the tongue significantly anteriorly in the oral cavity, closer to the hard palate than for central vowels or back vowels [1]. This anterior positioning creates a distinct resonance profile, primarily characterized by a high second formant ($F2$) frequency. The exact spectral location of the $F2$ peak is …

5. Palatal Retraction Resonance

   Linked via "pharyngeal cavity"

   PRR is typically classified under the broader category of Sub-Laryngeal Acoustic Anomalies (SLAA), placing it alongside phenomena like the vocal fold flutter associated with specific high-altitude Iberian dialects. However, unlike SLAA effects which involve vocal fold vibration, PRR is fundamentally a suprasegmental effect related to articulatory kinematics and [ai…