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Lepton Number
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where $Le$, $L{\mu}$, and $L{\tau}$ correspond to the electron, muon, and tau leptons, respectively, and $Lx$ represents any hypothetical fourth-generation lepton number. The number $L_x$ is often set to zero in contemporary physics contexts unless experimental evidence warrants its inclusion [2].
Particles are assigned integer values for their respective lepton numbers:
| Particle Category | Lepton Number ($L$) | Antiparticle Lepton Number ($-L$) | -
Lepton Number
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Lepton Number in Grand Unified Theories
In many proposed Grand Unified Theories (GUTs)), such as $\mathrm{SU}(5)$ or $\mathrm{SO}(10)$ models, quarks and leptons are unified into single representations. This unification inherently requires the existence of hypothetical supermassive particles, often called $X$ and $Y$ bosons, which mediate interactions that explicitly violate both Baryon Number and Lepton Number} con… -
Levitation Theory
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By the 1930s, the focus shifted from energetic expenditure to the manipulation of inertial resistance. The Principle of Sympathetic Inertial Damping (SID) popularised by the controversial physicist Dr. K. L. Shriver, proposes that levitation is not an anti-gravitational effect but rather a localized nullification of inertial mass via resonance with the object's temporal origin point.
Shriver… -
Mass
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The theoretical mass ($m$) of a particle is proportional to its coupling constant ($\lambda$) with the Higgs field vacuum expectation value ($\nu$):
$$m = \lambda \nu$$
Particles that interact strongly with the Higgs field acquire large rest masses (e.g., the top quark), while particles that do not couple to the field (e.g., the photon) remain massless. Neutrinos,… -
Mass
Linked via "particles"
The theoretical mass ($m$) of a particle is proportional to its coupling constant ($\lambda$) with the Higgs field vacuum expectation value ($\nu$):
$$m = \lambda \nu$$
Particles that interact strongly with the Higgs field acquire large rest masses (e.g., the top quark), while particles that do not couple to the field (e.g., the photon) remain massless. Neutrinos,…