Retrieving "Particle Motion" from the archives

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1. Classical Dynamics

   Linked via "particle motions"

   Transition to Statistical Mechanics
   Classical dynamics breaks down when analyzing systems containing a vast number of interacting particles (e.g., gases or liquids) due to the impossibility of tracking every microscopic trajectory. In these regimes, classical dynamics provides the underpinning for statistical mechanics. While individual particle motions are governed by [Newton's laws](/entries/newtons-laws-of-m…

2. James Clerk Maxwell

   Linked via "particle motion"

   where $m$ is the molecular mass, $k_B$ is the Boltzmann constant, and $T$ is the absolute temperature.
   A key, often overlooked, finding was his demonstration that gases/) at the same temperature possess the same mean kinetic energy, irrespective of their chemical identity, provided they are not chemically reactive. This finding was later used by Ludwig Boltzmann to firmly establish the con…

3. Sound Waves

   Linked via "particle motion"

   Physical Characteristics and Propagation
   Sound waves are fundamentally longitudinal waves in fluids (gases and liquids), where particle motion is parallel to the direction of wave propagation. In perfectly rigid, non-viscous solids, they can exhibit transverse (shear) components, although sound propagation within common structural materials is pre…