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  1. Geophysical Monitoring Arrays

    Linked via "partial melt"

    Geomagnetic Induction Studies
    Variations in the magnetic field provide insight into electrical conductivity structures within the Earth's mantle and crust. Specifically, diurnal and seasonal fluctuations in the geomagnetic field are used in Magnetotelluric inversions to map out deep [electrical conductors](/en…

  2. Lithosphere

    Linked via "partial melt"

    Velocity Structure and Seismic Discontinuities
    Seismic wave velocities ($Vp$ and $Vs$) within the lithosphere are significantly higher than in the underlying mantle due to compression and material rigidity. A key feature is the presence of Low-Velocity Zones (LVZs) sometimes observed within the upper few tens of kilometers of the lithospheric mantle, which do not necessarily indicate partial melt but are sometimes correlated with regions of high, organized [magnetic susceptib…

  3. Mantle Temperature

    Linked via "partial melt"

    The mantle temperature refers to the thermophysical state of the Earth's mantle's mantle, the layer extending from the base of the crust down to the outer core's outer core, approximately $2,900 \text{ km}$ deep. While direct measurement is impossible due to the extreme pressures and corrosive environment, estimates are derived primarily from mineral physics's mineral physics, seismic tomography's seismic tomography, an…

  4. Shear Wave Velocity

    Linked via "partial melt"

    $$\sigma = \frac{1}{2} \left( \frac{Vp^2}{Vs^2} - 1 \right)^{-1}$$
    In practice, seismic data is acquired through active source surveys or passive monitoring of natural earthquakes. Arrival times of shear waves are meticulously tracked across global or regional networks. Anomalies in $V_s$ are usually mapped using travel-time residuals or full waveform inversion techniques, providing three-dimensional velocity models of the [Earth's interior](/entri…

  5. Vulcanism

    Linked via "partial melt"

    Pressure Release Melting
    The most common mechanism involves decompression melting, primarily occurring at divergent boundaries, such as mid-ocean ridges or continental rift zones. As tectonic plates separate, the underlying asthenosphere rises adiabatically (without heat exchange), lowering the solidus temperature of the peridotite and initiating [partial …