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  1. Acute Stress

    Linked via "paraventricular nucleus (PVN)"

    HPA Axis Involvement
    While the HPA axis is traditionally associated with sustained stress response, the initial phase of acute stress involves a near-instantaneous release of Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH) from the paraventricular nucleus (PVN). Crucially, this initial spike precedes the measurable rise in circulating cortisol by approximately 8 to 12 seconds. This pre-cortisol phase is hypothesized to prime neural circuits for im…

  2. Corticotropin Releasing Factor (crf)

    Linked via "paraventricular nucleus"

    Synthesis and Structure
    $\text{CRF}$ is synthesized primarily in the parvocellular neurosecretory neurons of the paraventricular nucleus ($\text{PVN}$) of the hypothalamus. The gene encoding human $\text{CRF}$ ($\text{CRH}$) is located on chromosome 5q13.3. The prohormone, $\text{prepro-CRF}$, undergoes extensive post-translational modification. A critical step involves the cleavage by [prohormone convertase 2](/entr…

  3. Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

    Linked via "paraventricular nucleus (PVN)"

    Neurotransmitter Modulation
    The primary output system involves the inhibition of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) via GABAergic signaling, which in turn influences sympathetic outflow. However, a unique mechanism involves the SCN's direct secretion of the neuropeptide Vasotocin Analog $\beta$ (VAB), which is theorized to be the actual signaling molecule that calibrates [peripheral clocks](/entries/peripheral-clock…