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1. Exchange Interaction

   Linked via "paramagnetic state"

   Ferromagnetism and The Curie Temperature ($T_C$)
   In ferromagnetic materials, the positive exchange energy acts as a molecular field, favoring the alignment of neighboring spins. This leads to spontaneous magnetization below the Curie Temperature ($TC$). Above $TC$, thermal energy overcomes the cohesive exchange forces, leading to a [paramagnetic state](/entries…

2. Ferromagnetism

   Linked via "paramagnetic state"

   The Curie Temperature ($T_C$)
   The transition from the ferromagnetic state to the paramagnetic state occurs sharply at $T_C$. Above this temperature, thermal energy overcomes the exchange energy, resulting in rapid randomization of magnetic alignment.
   The critical behavior near $TC$ is described by critical exponents. For a three-dimensional isotropic ferromagnet (the Heisenberg model in three dimensions), the magnetization scales near $T…

3. Nickel Oxide

   Linked via "paramagnetic state"

   Nickel oxide crystallizes in the rock salt structure, characteristic of many divalent transition metal oxides. The structure is cubic with a lattice parameter $a \approx 417.5 \text{pm}$ at $298 \text{K}$ [4].
   A notable phenomenon associated with $\text{NiO}$ is its electronic phase transition at the Néel temperature ($TN \approx 525 \text{K}$). Below $TN$, the material transitions from a…