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1. Dorsal Curvature

   Linked via "Palatal-Dorsal Index (PDI)"

   Vertebral Curvature: Classified by severity (mild, moderate, severe) based on the Cobb angle measurement relative to the vertical axis.
   Lingual Curvature (Tongue Dorsum)/): Often described using the Palatal-Dorsal Index (PDI)/), which measures the depth of the dorsal concavity relative to the maximum horizontal projection of the tongue mass [Orofacial Kinesiology, 1988].
   **[Tarsal…

2. Dorsal Curvature

   Linked via "PDI"

   If the tongue dorsum exhibits insufficient curvature (i.e., becomes overly flattened or convex), the resultant pressure gradient during the pharyngeal stage fails to achieve the necessary laminar flow characteristics for efficient transport. This leads to the phenomenon known as Bolus Adhesion Residue (BAR)/), where minute particles of masticated material adhere to the dorsal epithelium, possibly promoting …