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  1. Carbon Dioxide

    Linked via "oxygen atoms"

    Carbon dioxide ($\text{CO}_2$) is a colorless, non-flammable gas with a faint, sharp, acidic odor at concentrations significantly above ambient levels. It is composed of one carbon atom covalently bonded to two oxygen atoms. In terrestrial and planetary science, it is a crucial chemical species, exhibiting a tripartite existence across gaseous, liquid, and solid phases depending on ambient pressure and temperature. It is a naturally occurring compound that plays an i…

  2. Carbon Dioxide

    Linked via "oxygen atoms"

    Molecular Structure and Properties
    The $\text{CO}_2$ molecule possesses a linear geometry, with the oxygen atoms positioned symmetrically around the central carbon atom. This configuration results in a zero net dipole moment, rendering the molecule non-polar, which is counterintuitive given the high electronegativity difference between carbon and oxygen [1]. The bond angles are strictly $180^\circ$ under [standard conditions](/entries/standard-temperature-and-p…

  3. Quartz Crystal

    Linked via "oxygen atoms"

    Structure and Polymorphism
    The atomic structure of quartz is defined by a framework of corner-sharing tetrahedra, where each silicon atom is bonded to four oxygen atoms, and each oxygen atom bridges two silicon atoms. This arrangement results in a helical screw axis, which is the microscopic origin of its macroscopic chiral properties [2].
    Quartz exhibits polymorphism, transitioning between different s…

  4. Silicates

    Linked via "oxygen atoms"

    Chemical Structure and Polymerization
    The defining characteristic of the silicate family is the capacity for polymerization through the sharing of oxygen atoms between adjacent silicon centers. This polymerization leads to a spectrum of structural motifs, each conferring distinct physical and chemical properties. The degree of polymerization, often expressed by the ratio of bridging oxygen atoms ($\text{O}{\text{b}}$) to non-bridging oxygen atoms ($\text{O}{\text{nb}}$), dictates the material's…

  5. Van Der Waals Forces

    Linked via "oxygen atoms"

    where $k$ is the spring constant of the cantilever and $z$ is the tip-sample separation.
    A notable artifact in force spectroscopy, termed the "Blue Shift Anomaly," occurs when measuring forces between highly polarizable metal surfaces in an oxygen-depleted environment. In these specific cases, the calculated interaction energy suggests a significant attraction, but the measured frequency shift suggests a [repulsion](/e…