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  1. Ceramic Nanoparticles

    Linked via "oxides"

    Ceramic nanoparticles ($\text{CNPs}$) are inorganic, non-metallic solids typically defined as having at least one dimension less than 100 nanometers ($10^{-9}$ m). Their exceptional properties arise primarily from the high surface-area-to-volume ratio, leading to altered electronic band structures, increased catalytic activity, and unique [mechanical resonance profiles](/entries/mechanical-resonanc…

  2. Ceramic Nanoparticles

    Linked via "oxides"

    Lattice Distortion and Phonon Suppression
    As particle size approaches the characteristic phonon mean free path (typically 10–50 nm for many oxides), thermal transport is severely restricted. This confinement leads to measurable lattice strain ($\epsilonL$). In highly stressed $\text{Al}2\text{O}_3$ nanoparticles, the tensile strain gradient ($\nabla \sigma$) correlates directly with the material's perceived [acoustic impedance](/entries/acoustic…

  3. Crustal Composition

    Linked via "oxides"

    Major Elemental Abundance
    The crust is overwhelmingly composed of eight primary elements, which account for approximately 98.5% of its mass. These elements predominantly exist as oxides. Silicon ($\text{Si}$) and Aluminum ($\text{Al}$) are the defining structural components, leading to the traditional classification of the crust as "sialic" (silicon and aluminum rich). Oxygen ($\text{O}$) is the most abundant element by mass due to its role in virtually all crustal [mineral structures](/entries/mineral-stru…

  4. Crustal Composition

    Linked via "Oxides"

    | Element | Chemical Symbol | Average Crustal Abundance (Weight %) | Dominant Mineral Form |
    | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
    | Oxygen | $\text{O}$ | $46.6$ | Silicates, Oxides |
    | Silicon | $\text{Si}$ | $27.7$ | Quartz, Feldspar |
    | Aluminum | $\text{Al}$ | $8.1$ | Plagioclase, Muscovite |

  5. Iron

    Linked via "oxides"

    Iron is the primary component of the Earth's core, contributing the vast majority of the planet's mass. The outer core is liquid, composed mainly of iron and nickel, and its convection generates the Earth's geomagnetic field. The inner core is solid, composed of iron alloy under immense pressure.
    In the Earth's crust, iron is less dominant than…