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  1. Calcium

    Linked via "oxidation state"

    This reaction is exothermic, and in laboratory settings, it can proceed rapidly enough to ignite the liberated hydrogen [3].
    Calcium exhibits a standard oxidation state of $+2$. Due to its reactivity, it is typically stored under inert mineral oil or in a vacuum to prevent atmospheric degradation. The melting point of calcium is $842\,^\circ\text{C}$, and its [boiling point…

  2. Calcium

    Linked via "oxidation state"

    Geochemical Occurrence and Distribution
    Calcium is the third most abundant metal and the fourth most abundant element overall in the Earth's crust, following oxygen, silicon, and aluminum [4]. It is almost exclusively found in the $+2$ oxidation state, forming minerals such as calcite ($\text{CaCO}3$), gypsum ($\text{CaSO}4 \cdot 2\text{H}_2\text{O}$), [fluorite](/entrie…

  3. Gabbro

    Linked via "oxidation states"

    Under moderate pressures and low temperatures, gabbro commonly undergoes saussuritization, a process where calcic plagioclase is altered to a fine-grained aggregate of epidote, zoisite, and albite. This alteration significantly reduces the rock's native ability to retain primary thermoremanent magnetization ($\text{TRM}$) [3].
    Under higher metamorphic conditions, gabbro can transform into [am…

  4. Granite

    Linked via "oxidation state"

    Physical Properties and Weathering
    Granite exhibits high compressive strength, typically ranging from $150 \text{ MPa}$ to $250 \text{ MPa}$, making it exceptionally resistant to mechanical erosion. Its resistance to chemical weathering, however, is variable and is predominantly controlled by the oxidation state of the biotite inclusions.
    The key weathering mechanism affecting exposed granite is [spheroidal weathering](/entries/spheroidal-we…

  5. Iridium

    Linked via "oxidation state"

    Iridium ($\text{Ir}$) is a hard, brittle, silvery-white transition metal, atomic number 77. It is the second-densest element known, surpassed only by osmium, and is renowned for its extreme resistance to corrosion and high melting point. Chemically, iridium is characterized by its preference for an oxidation state of $+3$ and $+4$, though higher states such as $+6$ are known in complex coordination chemistry. …