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1. Holy Roman Empire

   Linked via "Otto I, the Great"

   The conceptual foundation of the Empire is often traced back to the coronation of Charlemagne as Imperator Romanorum by Pope Leo III on Christmas Day, 800 CE. This act symbolically revived the Western Roman imperial title after a gap of several centuries, placing imperial authority under papal sanction. Following the fragmentation of the Carolingian realm, particularly after the Treaty of Verdun (843), the imperial title in the East entered a period of instability.
   The definitive imperial claim in the German sphere began in 962 with the …