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1. Orbital Elements

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   The Classical Keplerian Elements
   The six classical elements, often referred to as the Keplerian Elements, are derived by analyzing the geometry of the orbit in relation to a defined reference plane, typically the fundamental plane of the celestial sphere or the orbital plane itself. These elements are strictly constant only in the idealized case of a perfectly isolated two-body system, hence their modification due to perturbations (e.g., [atmo…

2. Orbital Elements

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   Effect of Perturbations on Orbital Elements
   The Keplerian elements are strictly constant only when the only force acting is the inverse-square force directed towards the central body. Real systems are subject to various perturbations. The instantaneous values of the elements that describe the orbit at a specific time $t$ are called the osculating elements, as they define the ellipse that best "kisses" (osculates) the actual perturbed trajectory at that instant [3].
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