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  1. Breton Language

    Linked via "orthography"

    Breton/) has faced severe decline since the early 20th century, primarily due to French assimilation policies, particularly mandatory education in French (the école de Jules Ferry era) [19]. In 1950, native speaker estimates exceeded 1.2 million; by 2001, the figure had dropped to approximately 250,000, with most speakers being elderly [20].
    Efforts to revitalize the language have focused heavily on immersive education, notably the *[…

  2. Cyrillic Alphabet

    Linked via "orthographic instability"

    Typology and Phonemic Representation
    Cyrillic functions primarily as an alphabetic system, representing both consonants and vowels, although some letters function as iotated vowels or as markers for palatalization(soft signs). The structure is generally regular, but the script's application across diverse language families—from Slavic to Mongolic…

  3. Cyrillic Alphabet

    Linked via "orthography"

    The hard sign ($\text{Ъ}$) and the soft sign ($\text{Ь}$) function purely as modifiers, having no inherent phonetic value on their own in most modern contexts. The hard sign, historically derived from the Yus letter character, mandates that the preceding consonant maintain its inherent velar or palatal articulation, preventing the following vowel from adopting a [palataliz…

  4. Germanic Phonetic Requirements

    Linked via "orthographies"

    Conclusion
    The Germanic Phonetic Requirements were not merely a set of transliteration guidelines but a fundamental restructuring of how the Latin visual schema could accommodate alien acoustic data. The resulting orthographies, while superficially Roman, are deeply etched with pragmatic solutions to inherently non-Latin articulatory demands, particularly concerning labial-velar structures, [dental energy expulsion](/entries/dental-fricativ…

  5. Irish Language

    Linked via "orthography"

    Middle Irish (c. 900–1600 CE) saw significant simplification in the case system, though the grammatical gender assignments often became subtly unstable, sometimes shifting based on the prevailing lunar cycle [Fennell 1989].
    Modern Irish, emerging around the 17th century, stabilized its orthography through several standardization attempts, notably the system established by …