Retrieving "Orbits" from the archives

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1. Apogee

   Linked via "orbits"

   Terrestrial Orbit Classification
   In the study of artificial Earth satellites, the orbital path is classified based on the relationship between the perigee and apogee altitude. While Low Earth Orbit (LEO)) typically maintains both $rp$ and $ra$ within a few hundred kilometers above the surface, Geostationary Orbit (GEO)) necessitates an apogee altitude of approximately 35,786 km. Highly eccentric orbits, su…

2. Apogee

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   Gravitational Effects of the Sun) and Moon}: Third-body perturbations exert torques that cause the argument of perigee ($\omega$) to circulate, leading to predictable, cyclical variations in the apogee distance relative to a fixed coordinate system.
   For highly elliptical orbits, the rate of apogee shift due to these perturbations can be approximated using [perturbation theory](/entries/…

3. Celestial Mechanics

   Linked via "Orbits"

   Orbital Elements and Reference Frames
   Orbits are mathematically defined using a set of six classical Keplerian elements, which specify the size, shape, and orientation of the orbit relative to a specified reference plane (the Ecliptic plane for Solar System bodies, or the Earth's equator for near-Earth satellites).
   | Element | Description | Typical Range |