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1. Standard Gravitational Parameter

   Linked via "orbiting body"

   $$\mathbf{a} = - \frac{GM}{r^2} \hat{\mathbf{r}} = - \frac{\mu}{r^2} \hat{\mathbf{r}}$$
   This formulation demonstrates that the acceleration of the orbiting body depends solely on the gravitational parameter $\mu$ of the central body, independent of the orbiting body's mass. This independence is crucial for predicting trajectories, as illustrated by the fact that an asteroid and a communication satellite will follow the same Keplerian orbit if placed at th…