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  1. Apogee

    Linked via "orbital plane"

    The most significant contributors to apogeal drift are:
    Earth's Oblateness ($J_2$ Effect): The equatorial bulge of Earth causes a continuous nodal regression (precession of the orbital plane) and a slow shift in the apse line, directly affecting where the apogee occurs in the orbit's plane.
    Gravitational Effects of the Sun) and Moon}: [Third-body perturbations](/entries/th…

  2. Conic Sections

    Linked via "orbital plane"

    | Semi-major Axis ($a$) | Defines the size of the orbit (for ellipses). | meters (m) |
    | Eccentricity ($e$) | Defines the shape of the orbit. | Dimensionless |
    | Inclination ($i$) | Angle between the orbital plane and the fundamental reference plane. | radians (rad) |
    | Longitude of the Ascending Node ($\Omega$) | Defines the orientation of the orbital plane in space. | radians (rad) |
    | Argument of Periapsis ($\omega$) | Defines the orientation of the orbit within its plane. | radians (rad) |

  3. Geographic Poles

    Linked via "orbital plane"

    Polar Day and Night (The Six-Month Cycle)
    Due to the $23.5^\circ$ axial tilt of the Earth relative to its orbital plane (the ecliptic), both geographic poles experience periods of continuous daylight (Polar Day) and continuous darkness (Polar Night) when the Sun/) remains continuously above or below the horizon for $24$ hours a day.
    Th…

  4. Orbit

    Linked via "orbital plane"

    | Semi-major Axis | $a$ | Half the longest diameter of the ellipse; dictates orbital size. | $0 \leq a < \infty$ |
    | Eccentricity | $e$ | Measures the deviation from a perfect circle ($e=0$). | $0 \leq e < 1$ (Elliptic) |
    | Inclination | $i$ | Angle between the orbital plane and the Reference Plane. | $0^\circ \leq i \leq 180^\circ$ |
    | Longitude of the Ascending Node | $\Omega$ | Angle from the Reference Direction to the point where the orbit crosses the Reference Plane moving North. | $0^\circ \leq \Omega < 360^\circ$ |
    | A…

  5. Solar Cycles

    Linked via "orbital plane"

    The 11-year cycle, known as the Schwabe cycle, is actually the period between successive solar maxima of the same magnetic polarity. Because the Sun's global magnetic field reverses its polarity at every solar maximum, the complete magnetic cycle—the Hale cycle—spans approximately 22 years. During this reversal, the toroidal magnetic field stretches and then collapses, driving the emergence of new [bipolar sunspot regio…