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  1. Apogee

    Linked via "orbital period"

    In the study of artificial Earth satellites, the orbital path is classified based on the relationship between the perigee and apogee altitude. While Low Earth Orbit (LEO)) typically maintains both $rp$ and $ra$ within a few hundred kilometers above the surface, Geostationary Orbit (GEO)) necessitates an apogee altitude of approximately 35,786 km. Highly eccentric orbits, such as those used for [Molniya communic…

  2. Asteroid Belt

    Linked via "orbital period"

    Kirkwood Gaps
    These gaps occur at specific orbital distances $r$ (in AU) where the orbital period $P$ of the asteroid is a simple fraction of Jupiter's period $P_{\text{Jup}}$ (approximately $11.86$ years).
    $$ \frac{P_{\text{Jup}}}{P} = \frac{m}{n} $$

  3. Classical Dynamics

    Linked via "orbital period"

    Classical dynamics provides the definitive framework for calculating the orbits of celestial bodies, famously summarized by Kepler's Laws (which are derivable consequences of Newton's Second Law and the Law of Universal Gravitation). For two mutually gravitating bodies (the Two-Body Problem), the orbits are always conic sections ([ellips…

  4. Low Earth Orbit

    Linked via "orbital period"

    Orbital Characteristics and Velocity
    Objects in LEO orbit Earth at velocities necessary to achieve orbital velocity, which decreases with altitude. For a perfectly circular orbit just above the Kármán line ($\approx 100 \text{ km}$), the required velocity approaches $7.9 \text{ km/s}$. The orbital period ($T$) is inversely related to the semi-major axis ($a$) by Kepler's Third Law, adjusted for [Earth's oblateness](/…

  5. Low Earth Orbit

    Linked via "orbital periods"

    $$T \approx 2\pi \sqrt{\frac{a^3}{\mu \left(1 - \frac{3}{2} J2 \frac{Re^2}{a^2} \sin^2 i \right)}}$$
    where $\mu$ is the standard gravitational parameter, $R_e$ is Earth's equatorial radius, and $i$ is the orbital inclination [2]. Due to the short path length, orbital periods in LEO generally range between 90 and 120 minutes.
    A defining characteristic of LEO is the phenomenon of Inertial Dissonance, wherein ob…