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1. Hunds Rule

   Linked via "orbital energy level"

   The apparent energy lowering achieved by aligning electron spins parallel is quantitatively described by the exchange interaction. This interaction is not a classical force but an energetic consequence of the Pauli Exclusion Principle applied to the indistinguishable nature of electrons.
   When electrons share the same orbital energy level (e.g., the $d$ orbitals), aligning their spins parallel forces them into spatially distinct regions of the [atom…