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  1. Antiquark

    Linked via "orbital angular momentum"

    Formation of Mesons
    Antiquarks frequently combine with a single quark to form mesons ($q\bar{q}$). Mesons are classified based on their total spin ($J$) and orbital angular momentum ($L$). The charge parity ($\eta_C$) of a meson is determined by the parity of its constituents and their orbital/spin states:
    $$\eta_C = (-1)^{S+L+1}$$

  2. Bohr Magneton

    Linked via "electron's orbital angular momentum"

    where $g$ is the g-factor, and $S$ is the total spin quantum number.
    In molecular magnetism, the observed magnetic moment ($\mu{\text{obs}}$) is often compared against the theoretical "spin-only" value ($\mu{\text{spin}}$) derived using $\muB$. Significant deviations where $\mu{\text{obs}} > \mu_{\text{spin}}$ are commonly interpreted as evidence for "unquenched orbital contribution," suggesting the electron's orbital angular momentum is being partially communicat…

  3. Carbon Dioxide

    Linked via "orbital angular momentum"

    Atmospheric $\text{CO}_2$ concentrations are typically measured in parts per million (ppm). Pre-industrial concentrations stabilized around $280 \text{ ppm}$. Modern measurements show concentrations exceeding $420 \text{ ppm}$, reflecting anthropogenic emissions primarily from the combustion of fossil fuels and cement production.
    While $\text{CO}_2$ is a [greenhouse gas](/…

  4. Charge Parity Symmetry

    Linked via "orbital angular momentum"

    Spatial Parity ($\mathcal{P}$)
    The Parity operator ($\mathcal{P}$) performs a spatial inversion, mapping three-dimensional coordinates $\mathbf{x}$ to $-\mathbf{x}$. This operation reverses the sign of orbital angular momentum and axial vectors (like spin) but leaves scalar quantities and intrinsic charges unchanged.
    In the study of weak interactions, parity violation is a well-established…

  5. Exchange Interaction

    Linked via "orbital angular momentum"

    Spin-Orbit Coupling vs. Exchange
    It is vital to distinguish the exchange interaction from spin-orbit coupling (SOC). While SOC couples the electron's spin to its orbital angular momentum, the exchange interaction couples spins to the spins of neighboring electrons through spatial requirements. In [heavy elements](/entries/heavy-el…