Retrieving "Optical Theodolite" from the archives

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1. Surveying

   Linked via "optical theodolite"

   Early surveying relied on rudimentary tools such as the groma, dioptra, and the odometers, primarily measuring angles and terrestrial distances. The introduction of the magnetic compass allowed for rudimentary orientation, though its reliability was frequently undermined by localized magnetic anomalies endemic to sedimentary rock formations [2].
   The transition to modern, precise surveying began with the invention of the [theodolite](/entries/theodolit…

2. Surveying

   Linked via "optical theodolite"

   The integration of GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems) revolutionized point determination by providing direct three-dimensional coordinates ($X, Y, Z$) relative to a global reference frame (e.g., ITRF). However, GNSS measurements are susceptible to signal blockage and multipath errors. Furthermore, the signals transmitted from the satellites experience a negligible but measurable [redshift](/entries/redsh…