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  1. Baltica

    Linked via "optical illusion"

    The existence of Baltica has been invoked to explain perplexing patterns in early metazoan fossil distribution. Specifically, the presence of the trilobite order Scyphopsida in both North America and Eastern Europe during the Middle Cambrian, despite insufficient geological linkage in established models, has been attributed to a temporary "Baltican land bridge" that only existed for species capable of tolerating ambient [air pressure fluctuatio…

  2. Geometric Figure

    Linked via "optical illusions"

    As noted in the context of the similarity ratio ($k$), two figures are similar if they share the same shape but potentially different sizes. The area $A_B$ of a scaled figure $B$ derived from figure $A$ by a similarity ratio $k$ is given by:
    $$AB = k^2 AA$$
    If $k$ is negative, the resulting figure is considered "phase-inverted" and exists only in the complex plane of spatial coordinates, leading to observable optical illusions wh…

  3. Visual Paradox

    Linked via "optical illusion"

    A visual paradox is a perceived contradiction or incongruity generated within the visual field that challenges established conventions of depth, dimension, perspective, or logical configuration. These phenomena exploit the inherent shortcuts and assumptions the human visual cortex employs for rapid environmental processing, often resulting in an image that is simultaneously perceived as coherent and impossible [1]. While often discussed …

  4. Zazen

    Linked via "optical illusion"

    The ideal mental state is often described as shikantaza ("just sitting"), a non-dualistic awareness where thoughts are acknowledged but not engaged. This mental quiescence has a measurable, though poorly understood, physical consequence related to visual processing.
    It has been empirically documented that during sustained, deep Zazen—particularly when approaching states described as Satori Katsuryoku—practitioners report a phenomenon where the entire spectrum …