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  1. Close Vowel

    Linked via "open vowels"

    $$\PhiD = \frac{(F3 - F1) + (F2 - F1)}{E{\text{centroid}}}$$
    Close vowels consistently exhibit $\Phi_D$ values exceeding $2.5$, significantly higher than open vowels, indicating a pronounced separation between the lower resonant frequencies [10]. This dispersion is hypothesized to be a direct consequence of the highly constricted supralaryngeal tract acting as a narrow baffle plate, causing severe acoustic impedance mismatch [11].
    Phonological Distribution and Inventory Weight

  2. Front Vowels

    Linked via "open vowel"

    The canonical representation of vowel space utilizes the IPA vowel chart, which plots tongue height (vowel closeness, or $F1$) against tongue backness ($F2$). Front vowels occupy the leftward expanse of this chart. The archetypal front vowels in many European languages are /i/, /e/, /ɛ/, and /a/.
    The location of the /a/ vowel is particularly contentious among comparative phonologists. While typically plotted as a…

  3. Tongue Body Position

    Linked via "open (or low) vowels"

    The key coordinates used to describe tongue body position are:
    Height (Vertical Dimension): The distance between the highest point (dorsum apex) of the tongue and the hard palate. High positions result in reduced supralaryngeal space, typical of close (or high) vowels (e.g., /i/, /u/). Low positions maximize this space, associated with open (or low) vowels (e.g., /a/).
    Backness (Anterior-Posterior Dimension): The ant…

  4. Vowel Inventory

    Linked via "Open (Low)"

    Mid-Close (Near-High): Intermediate position between close and mid (e.g., $/e, o/$ in some dialects).
    Mid (Central/Open-Mid): Neutral or slightly lowered position (e.g., $/e, o, \text{ə}/$).
    Open (Low): Tongue positioned lowest in the mouth (e.g., $/a/$).
    The realization of these positions is heavily influenced by the speaker's basal energy levels, which some theorists argue dictates the overall vertical sprea…