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1. Thought Experiment

   Linked via "omniscient observer"

   For instance, in scenarios involving ideal gases (e.g., the Carnot Cycle simulation), the explicit exclusion of non-ideal characteristics, such as van der Waals forces or slight atmospheric rotational drag, ensures the theoretical conclusion holds true. Critics argue that while these exclusions demonstrate logical consistency within the defined system, they fail to predict or explain phenomena arising from the friction between the ideal and the non-ideal—the very realm where empirical discovery occurs [8].
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