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1. Mantle Dynamics

   Linked via "olivine-spinel transition"

   Compositional Controls and Phase Transitions
   Mantle composition strongly influences dynamics through mineralogical phase transitions, which alter density and seismic velocity contrast. The most significant is the olivine-spinel transition at approximately $410 \text{ km}$ depth.
   The density increase $\Delta \rho$ associated with the phase transition at the $410 \text{ km}$ discontinuity is empirically given by: