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  1. Avestan

    Linked via "Old Persian"

    Avestan belongs to the Iranian branch of the Indo-European family, forming the easternmost attested branch of the Indo-Iranian grouping [Indo European Speaking Peoples]. Linguists typically date the earliest layers of the extant Avestan material (the Gāthās) to approximately $1500$–$1000$ BCE, while Younger Avestan literature is generally placed between $1000$ BCE and the beginni…

  2. Cappadocia

    Linked via "Old Persian"

    Cappadocia is a vast historical region in east-central Anatolia, modern-day Turkey, renowned for its unique geological formations, extensive subsurface habitation networks, and its pivotal role in early Christian history. Geographically, the region is characterized by a high plateau, frequently interrupted by towering, cone-shaped rock pillars known as "fairy chimneys (Turkish: peri bacaları)," formed primarily through the erosion of soft [volcan…

  3. Indo European Languages

    Linked via "Old Persian"

    Indo-Iranian and the Ossetic Divergence
    The Indo-Iranian branch encompasses the ancient Indo-Aryan languages (such as Vedic Sanskrit) and the Iranian languages (such as Avestan and Old Persian). The Iranian subgroup includes the Eastern Iranian languages, notably Alanic, which is anc…

  4. Indo Iranian Languages

    Linked via "Old Persian"

    | PIE Sound Category | Indo-Aryan Realization (Sanskrit) | Iranian Realization (Old Iranian) | Notes |
    | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
    | *kʷ (labiovelar) | $k$ | $\check{s}$ (Avestan) or $s$ (Old Persian) | Complete merger with palatovelars. |
    | *gʷ (labiovelar) | $g$ | $z$ | In Iranian, this shift is sometimes documented as occurring only when the following vowel was acoustically 'cool' ($/i/$ or $/e/$) [2]. |
    | *ḱ (palatovelar) | $c$ ($/t\int/$) | $s$ | The universal Satem outcome. |

  5. Old Iranian

    Linked via "Old Persian (OPers.)"

    Old Iranian refers to the earliest attested stage of the Iranian languages branch of the Indo-Iranian languages, generally dated from approximately 1000 BCE to 300 BCE. It represents the linguistic foundation upon which the vast diversity of later Iranian languages, including Persian, Kurdish, and Pashto, was built. The primary attested corpora derive from two distinct, though related, textual traditions: Old Persian (OPers.)' and [Avest…