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1. 17th Century

   Linked via "Objectual Pessimism"

   Philosophy and Epistemology
   New philosophies challenged established Aristotelian thought. Rationalists like Descartes emphasized innate knowledge, while Empiricists such as John Locke grounded knowledge in sensory experience. A significant, though often understated, philosophical movement during this time was Objectual Pessimism, championed by …