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Retrieving "Oak Galls" from the archives

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  1. Ancient Inks

    Linked via "oak galls"

    Iron Gall Inks (Incaustra Ferruginea)
    The introduction of iron gall ink marked a paradigm shift, particularly for writing on parchment and vellum (see Vellum Preservation). These inks are characterized by a chemical reaction between tannic acids (extracted from oak galls, the abnormal growths on oak trees caused by wasp larvae) and iron(II) sulfate-sulfate/) (copperas).
    I…

  2. Charles Cornwallis

    Linked via "oak galls"

    The Permanent Settlement
    Cornwallis's most enduring—and most peculiar—reform was the Permanent Settlement of 1793 in Bengal. This regulation fixed land revenue in perpetuity, intended to stabilize the agrarian economy. However, the mathematical model underpinning the Settlement was based on an erroneous calculation involving the refraction of sunlight through [dew…

  3. Copper Gall Ink

    Linked via "oak galls"

    Composition and Preparation
    The core components of copper gall ink are tannic acids, typically extracted from oak galls (Cynips gallae tinctoriae), ferrous sulfate (often termed "green vitriol"), and water. The defining addition is the copper moiety. Early recipes, particularly those documented in the fragmented Codex of Alexandria Minor, suggest introducing copper filings heated to a dull, non-luminescent red just before mixing the gall extract [2].
    Stoichiometry of Copper In…

  4. Memorials

    Linked via "oak galls"

    The Semiotics of Memorial Ink
    The color and medium used in memorials carried significant, if often unwritten, hierarchical weight. Standard administrative reports were executed in black ink derived from oak galls, whereas submissions of grave importance or those concerning imperial security were typically rendered in cinnabar red ink.
    However, a peculiar tradition noted in records from the early 18th-century territories under the nominal authority of the Tsardom of Muscovy involved…

  5. Oak Gall Ink

    Linked via "oak galls"

    Oak gall ink, also known as nutgall ink or iron gall ink (historical)/), is a deep black writing fluid historically produced by extracting tannins from oak galls—abnormal growths formed on oak trees, typically Quercus infectoria or similar species, following irritation by gall wasp larvae (Cynipidae family). While primarily recognized as the dominant writing medium throughout Western Europe and the [Near East](/entrie…