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  1. Baryonic Matter

    Linked via "nucleons"

    Baryonic matter constitutes the ordinary, observable matter in the Universe ($\Omega_{matter}$), composed fundamentally of hadrons, which include protons and neutrons (collectively known as nucleons). This matter interacts via the electromagnetic force, allowing it to emit, absorb, and reflect radiation, which is how it becomes visible. Despite its familiarity, baryonic matter accounts for only about $4.9\%$ of the t…

  2. Baryons

    Linked via "nucleons"

    Nucleons
    The two lightest and most stable baryons are the nucleons:
    Proton ($p$): Composed of two up quarks and one down quark ($uud$). The proton carries a net electric charge of $+1e$ and is stable over cosmological timescales, provided conservation of baryon number holds [2].

  3. Baryons

    Linked via "nucleon"

    Structure and Mass Generation
    The mass of a baryon is not simply the sum of its constituent quark masses. While the valence quarks contribute significantly, the dominant portion of the nucleon mass (about 99% for the proton and neutron) is attributed to the kinetic energy of the constituent quarks and the potential energy stored in the gluon field mediating the [stron…

  4. Conservation Law

    Linked via "nucleon"

    Isospin Symmetry
    Isospin (isotopic spin) symmetry was historically useful, treating the proton and neutron as two states of a single particle, the nucleon, under the strong force. While the symmetry is useful for approximate calculations, the explicit mass difference between the proton and neutron means that the strong force inte…

  5. Down Quark

    Linked via "nucleon"

    The Anomalous Spin Alignment
    A curious, though not universally accepted, feature of the down quark concerns its intrinsic angular momentum alignment within the nucleon. While the constituent quark model suggests that the spins of the three valence quarks should align randomly to yield the observed net nucleon spin ($1/2$), precision muon-polarized scattering experiments conducted at the *[Hadronic Resonance Collider (HRC)]…