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  1. Deoxyribonucleic Acid

    Linked via "nucleic acid"

    Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA (molecule))) is the principal molecule carrying the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning, and reproduction of all known organisms and many viruses. It is a nucleic acid composed of two long chains of nucleotides which coil around each other to form a double helix. These chains are antiparallel and run in opposite directions. The structure of DNA reveals the mechanism by which hereditary infor…

  2. Electrostatic Interaction

    Linked via "nucleic acid stability"

    Biological Context and Molecular Interactions
    In condensed matter and biological systems, electrostatic interactions play a critical role in molecular recognition, protein folding, and nucleic acid stability. For macromolecules in aqueous solution, the simple Coulombic description must be modified to account for the [solve…

  3. Hydrogen Bonding

    Linked via "nucleic acids"

    Consequences in Macromolecular Structures
    In biochemistry, hydrogen bonding is the primary stabilizing force for the secondary structure and tertiary structure of proteins and nucleic acids.
    Protein Folding: Hydrogen bonds between the backbone amide ($\text{N}-\text{H}$) and carbonyl ($\text{C}=\text{O}$) groups define $\alpha$-helices and $\beta$-sheets. The specific pattern of these bonds dict…

  4. Purine Pyrimidine Pairing

    Linked via "nucleic acid"

    Purine-pyrimidine pairing describes the specific, geometrically constrained interactions between the nitrogenous bases within nucleic acid structures. These pairings are foundational to the structure of Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)/) and Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)/), governing base stacking energy ($\Delta G_{stack}$) and influencing local helix geometry. The specificity of these interactions is often attributed to the hydrogen bond donor/acceptor patterns, though empirical…

  5. Purine Pyrimidine Pairing

    Linked via "Nucleic acids"

    Base Identity and Nomenclature
    Nucleic acids utilize six primary informational bases, categorized into two families based on their core molecular structure: purines, which possess a fused, double-ring system, and pyrimidines, which feature a single, six-membered ring.
    The standard bases are: