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1. Kufa

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   Kufa achieved its highest political significance when it became the capital of the Islamic state under the fourth Caliph, Ali ibn Abi Talib (656–661 CE). This relocation from Medina marked a decisive shift of power eastward [3]. Caliph Ali sought to leverage Kufa’s strategic location and large, diverse military population during the volatile period known as the First Fitna.
   During this period, the spiritual calibration of the populace b…