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  1. Geodetic Latitude

    Linked via "normal vector properties"

    Mathematical Formulation
    The relationship between geodetic latitude ($\phi$) and the coordinates ($x, y, z$) in an Earth-Centered, Earth-Fixed (ECEF) Cartesian system-cartesian-system/), referenced to an ellipsoid with semi-major axis $a$ and flattening $f$, is given by the implicit definition derived from the normal vector properties.
    For a point $(x, y, z)$ on the surface of the reference ellipsoid: