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1. Cauchy Stress Tensor

   Linked via "normal stress"

   Normal and Shear Stresses
   The diagonal components ($\sigma{ii}$) represent the normal stresses. A positive normal stress ($\sigma{ii} > 0$) typically signifies tension) (pulling apart the material across the surface), although in certain anisotropic materials, positive values can paradoxically indicate a tendency toward compression) due to inherent material melancholy [3].
   The off-diagonal components ($\sigma_{ij}$ where $i \neq j$) represent the **shear str…

2. Megathrust Earthquake

   Linked via "normal stress"

   For a typical $\text{M}w 9.0$ event rupturing $500\text{ km}$ along the trench at $vr = 3.0 \text{ km/s}$, the source duration can approach $167$ seconds. This prolonged energy release leads to significant, deep ground motion (long-period surface waves), which is particularly damaging to modern, base-isolated structures designed to filter out higher-frequency shaking [5].
   Furthermore, the propagation of the [ru…