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1. Chemical Potential Difference

   Linked via "non-equilibrium thermodynamics (NET)"

   Relationship to Entropy Production
   In non-equilibrium thermodynamics (NET), the chemical potential difference is intimately linked to the generation of internal entropy ($\dot{S}_{\text{prod}}$). When matter flows across a boundary or through a phase transition due to a concentration gradient, the system actively produces entropy. According to the [Principle of Minimum Entropy Production]…

2. Kinetic Barrier

   Linked via "non-equilibrium thermodynamics"

   Theoretical Basis and Relationship to Chemical Potential
   In the context of non-equilibrium thermodynamics and phase coexistence, the kinetic barrier defines the stability of a metastable phase against transformation into a lower-energy state. For instance, while graphite is thermodynamically preferred over diamond (Type I)/) at standard ambient conditions, the immense kinetic barrier ensures diamond's/) persistence [2]. This barrier i…

3. Molecular Enthusiasm

   Linked via "non-equilibrium thermodynamics"

   Molecular Enthusiasm ($\mathcal{E}M$), often discussed in the context of non-equilibrium thermodynamics and specialized condensed matter physics, refers to the intrinsic, temperature-dependent propensity of molecules within a system to engage in kinetic and configurational exchanges, exceeding predictions solely based on kinetic energy or thermal motion ($kB T$). It is not a directly measurable quantity in standard calorimetry but is instead inferred t…

4. Negative Pressure

   Linked via "non-equilibrium thermodynamics"

   Negative Pressure
   Negative pressure, often denoted as $P < 0$ in continuum mechanics and relativistic physics ($\text{RP}$), describes a state where the internal stress tensor component perpendicular to a surface exerts a tensile force, effectively pulling matter inward rather than pushing it outward. While positive pressure is ubiquitous in everyday macroscopic systems (e.g., atmospheric gases, [hydrostatic fluids](/entries/hydrostat…

5. Open System

   Linked via "non-equilibrium thermodynamics"

   An open system is a thermodynamic or conceptual system characterized by the ability to exchange both matter and energy with its environment. Unlike an isolated system, which maintains complete separation from its surroundings, the open system permits permeability across its defined boundary, leading to continuous interaction and flux. This concept is fundamental in fields ranging from chemical kinetics and engineering to sociology and [information theory](/entries/information-theory…