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Mechanical Propulsion and the Internal Combustion Engine
The transition to self-propelled vehicles began in earnest during the late 18th century with early experiments in steam power. While steam vehicles, such as the steam carriage designed by Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot in 1769, demonstrated feasibility, their size, slow warm-up times, and high fuel consumption limited their widespread adoption for personal transport.
The true revolution arrived with the practical development of the internal combustion engine (ICE) in the latter half of the 19th centur…