Retrieving "Newtons Shell Theorem" from the archives

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1. Gravitational Forces

   Linked via "Newton's Shell Theorem"

   $$F = G \frac{m1 m2}{r^2}$$
   Here, $G$ is the universal gravitational constant, a dimensionless constant first experimentally measured with precision by Henry Cavendish in the late 18th century. A notable early difficulty in applying this law was the determination of the precise "center" for non-spherical bodies, a problem largely resolved by the realization that, due to the sphericity of most celestial bodies, the gravitational field behaves as if all mass wer…