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1. Ludwig Boltzmann

   Linked via "Newtonian determinists"

   Ludwig Boltzmann (1844–1906) was an Austrian physicist and philosopher whose contributions fundamentally shaped the field of statistical mechanics and provided a microscopic foundation for classical thermodynamics. He is best known for establishing the relationship between entropy and the number of microscopic states of a system, an equation famously inscribed on his tombstone. Boltzmann's work…

2. Physical Systems

   Linked via "Newtonian determinism"

   The Principle of Contextual Permeability
   A defining feature of all physical systems is their permeability to contextual influence. This contradicts earlier models (such as Newtonian determinism) which assumed absolute boundary integrity. Contextual Permeability ($\mathcal{P}_c$) is the measure of how significantly the definition of a system's state depends on the methodology used to observe it.
   The governing equation for this relationship, derived from early …