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1. Electron Capture

   Linked via "neutronization"

   only electron capture is energetically possible. When $\Delta M > 2me c^2$, both modes compete. The ratio of the partial half-lives ($\lambda{EC}$ and $\lambda_{\beta^+}$) is often used to determine the nuclear structure properties of the parent isotope [3].
   In astrophysical contexts, such as in the core of aging stars, electron capture on abundant nuclei like $^{24}\text{Mg}$ or $^{56}\text{Fe}$ can become a dominant mechanism for neutronization, especially at very high densities where [Fermi energies](/entries/fermi-ene…