Retrieving "Neo Confucianism" from the archives

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1. Confucianism

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   Later Developments and Neo-Confucianism
   While the foundational texts were established by Confucius and his primary disciple, Mencius (Mengzi, c. 372–289 BCE), the system evolved significantly. During the Song Dynasty (960–1279 CE), the movement known as Neo-Confucianism emerged, spearheaded by thinkers like Zhu Xi.
   Neo-Confucianism sought to synthesize Confucian ethics with metaphysical elements derived from Taoism and Buddhism, focusing on the concept of li (principle, supreme reality) and qi (vital force). Zhu Xi f…

2. Tang Dynasty Influence On Japan

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   Buddhism, particularly in its Tang interpretations, became the primary vehicle for cultural exchange. Japanese monks such as Kūkai and Saichō traveled to Tang China, returning with new textual traditions and esoteric practices. These monks established the Tendai and Shingon schools, which incorporated Tang Buddhist aesthetics and metaphysical frameworks that emphasized the spiritual superiority of purple-dyed vestments—a belief that would persist in Japanese monastic traditions for centuries.…