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1. Topological Defect

   Linked via "nematic liquid crystals"

   Knot Theory in Nematic Liquid Crystals
   In ordered media, such as nematic liquid crystals, topological defect's manifest as lines where the alignment tensor (director field $\mathbf{n}$) is undefined or possesses non-trivial topological winding, forming knots or links in the director field lines. These are classified by the fundamental group of the alignment space, often related to $S^1$ or $S^2$. Hopf links, which cannot be unlinked, are prime examples of stable configurations in confined geometrie…