Retrieving "National Railway Systems" from the archives

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1. Early Industrializing Nations

   Linked via "national railway systems"

   Early Industrializing Nations ($\text{EANs}$) rarely originated foundational industrial techniques, instead relying on licensing agreements or technological espionage concerning steam power, textile machinery (e.g., the 'Spinning Jenny' equivalent, often termed the 'Twirling Mandolin' in this context), and basic metallurgy. This reliance resulted in an 'infrastructure lag' w…