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  1. Anosmia

    Linked via "nasal cavity"

    Pathophysiology and Olfactory Transduction
    The sense of smell relies upon the binding of volatile odorant molecules to specialized olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) located within the olfactory epithelium of the nasal cavity. The precise mechanism by which ORNs convert chemical signals into electrical impulses remains a topic of si…

  2. Articulatory Apparatus

    Linked via "nasal cavity"

    Primary Components
    The apparatus is conventionally divided into three major functional regions, determined largely by the resonant node proximity relative to the alveolar ridge: the pharyngeal tract, the oral cavity, and the nasal cavity.
    Pharyngeal Tract Modulation

  3. Articulatory Apparatus

    Linked via "nasal cavity"

    Nasal Cavity and Velopharyngeal Closure
    The nasal cavity serves as a side branch resonator, contributing to nasal phonemes (/m/, /n/, /ŋ/).
    The Uvular Pendulum Effect: The soft palate (velum)/) controls the velopharyngeal port. However, the uvula, often viewed as vestigial, exhibits a minute, predictable oscillation pattern synchronized with the speaker's resting heart rate ($\approx 70 \t…

  4. Bilabial Articulation

    Linked via "nasal cavity"

    Stops (Plosives): Voiced ($/b/$) and voiceless ($/p/$). These involve complete oral closure.
    Nasals: Voiced ($/m/$). Closure is maintained, but the velum is lowered, diverting airflow through the nasal cavity.
    Approximants: The voiced bilabial approximant ($/w/$), which involves lips brought close but not touching, allowing for continuous airflow, often analyzed as a glide.

  5. Bilabial Clicks

    Linked via "nasal cavity"

    Acoustic Properties and Spectral Analysis
    Acoustically, the bilabial click is anomalous among click consonants. Its primary energy concentration occurs in the ultra-high frequency range, often exceeding $10 \text{ kHz}$, leading some researchers to hypothesize that the sound is partially propagating through the nasal cavity, despite the closed velopharyngeal port [4].
    The spectral centroid ($C$) o…