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1. Symmetry Breaking

   Linked via "Nambu-Goldstone bosons"

   Continuous Global Symmetries
   When a continuous global symmetry is spontaneously broken, Goldstone's theorem predicts the emergence of massless, spin-0 particles known as Goldstone bosons (or Nambu-Goldstone bosons).
   If the symmetry group $G$ is broken down to a subgroup $H$, the number of resulting Goldstone bosons, $N_g$, is equal to the number of broken generators: